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Behavioural factors capture farmers’ psychological perceptions and attitudes
toward technology adoption. Determinants such as subjective norms, perceived
behavioural control, attitude toward technology, perceived usefulness, trust in digital
extension services, perceived risk, and knowledge exchange significantly influence
adoption decisions. For example, perceived usefulness and positive attitudes toward
technology increase the likelihood of adoption. Similarly, subjective norms indicate that
social influence from peers or community members can encourage farmers to adopt new
technologies. Trust-related factors are also important. Farmers are more willing to adopt
digital technologies when they trust the information sources or digital extension services
providing recommendations. These findings align with the Theory of Planned Behaviour
(Ajzen, 1985), suggesting that psychological perceptions and social influence play a critical
role in farmers’ decision-making processes.
4.6. Policy and practical strategies to promote digital technology adoption in
Vietnamese agriculture
Table 2 presents the key policy recommendations synthesised from the reviewed
studies to promote digital technology adoption among Vietnamese farmers. As this
research employs a systematic literature review, the strategies reflect common
recommendations identified across multiple empirical studies rather than primary data
findings. The literature consistently highlights the importance of improving farmers’
digital skills and training, as limited digital literacy remains a major barrier to technology
adoption, particularly among older and less educated farmers. In addition, several studies
emphasise the need to improve rural digital infrastructure, including internet connectivity,
electricity supply, and access to digital devices, which are essential enabling conditions for
digital agriculture. Strengthening digital extension and information systems through
platforms such as mobile phones, social media, and other communication channels can
further improve farmers’ access to agricultural knowledge and market information.
Furthermore, the literature underscores the role of financial support, institutional
collaboration, and context-specific policies in reducing adoption barriers and ensuring
that digital agriculture initiatives are inclusive and suitable for different farming contexts
in Vietnam.
Table 2. Key policy recommendations for promoting digital agriculture adoption
among Vietnamese farmers
Categories Strategies References
Digital skills and Provide practical training programs to (Tran et al., 2024a); (Le
training improve farmers’ digital literacy and et al., 2026); (Hoang,
skills in using mobile applications, 2020a); (Hoang &
social media, drones, and other digital Drysdale, 2021);
farming tools. Target vulnerable (Nguyen et al., 2025b);
groups such as older, less educated, (Tran et al., 2019)
and small-scale farmers. Strengthen
training for extension workers and
deliver direct farmer-oriented training
programs.
Improving digital Improve rural digital infrastructure, (Le et al., 2024);
infrastructure and including internet connectivity, (Hoang & Drysdale,
access to technology electricity supply, and mobile network 2021)
coverage. Facilitate access to digital

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