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Source: Author
The initial search identified 120 records, including 61 from Google Scholar, 45 from
ScienceDirect, and 14 from MDPI. After removing 10 duplicate records, 110 studies
remained for the screening stage. These studies were screened based on their titles,
abstracts, and keywords to assess their relevance to the research topic.
To ensure the relevance and quality of the selected studies, specific inclusion and
exclusion criteria were applied. Studies were included if they examined digital technology
adoption in agriculture, focused on farmers or agricultural stakeholders, used quantitative
research methods, and were conducted in Vietnam. In contrast, studies were excluded if
they were review articles or meta-analyses (n = 7), not directly related to the research
topic (n = 1), not quantitative studies (n = 3), or conducted outside Vietnam (n = 84). No
studies were excluded based on publication year within the last ten years.
After applying the selection criteria and completing the screening and eligibility
assessment stages, 10 studies were included in the final systematic review. The overall
study selection process is illustrated in Figure 2, which presents the PRISMA flowchart of
the selected studies.
4. Results and discussion
The systematic literature review identified 42 significant variables influencing the
digital literacy and digital technology adoption of Vietnamese farmers. These
determinants can be categorised into five major groups: demographic and socioeconomic
factors, farm and market factors, institutional factors, digital factors, and behavioural
factors (see Table 1). This classification suggests that digital technology adoption in
Vietnamese agriculture is multidimensional, shaped not only by farmers’ personal
characteristics but also by farm conditions, institutional support systems, access to digital
infrastructure, and behavioural perceptions (Figure 3).
Among these groups, demographic and socioeconomic factors and farm–market
factors appear most frequently, indicating that structural characteristics of farmers and
their farming systems remain central determinants of technology adoption in Vietnam.
Table 1. Determinants of digital technology adoption in Vietnam.
Frequency Frequency
Super Theme Determinants References
of Sig. (+) of Sig. (-)
Age 2 9 (Tran et al.,
Gender 4 1 2024a); (Nguyen
Education level 6 et al., 2025b); (Le
Ethnic differences 1 et al., 2026);
Farmer’s experience 1 (Nguyen et al.,
Demographic Type of household 1 2025a); (Tran et
and Number of family al., 2024b);
Socioeconomic workers 3 (Hoang, 2020a);
factors Household rice income/ (Hoang, 2020b);
Total income/ Household 4 (Hoang &
annual income Drysdale, 2021);
(Tran et al.,
Access to credit 1 1 2019); (Le et al.,
2024)
Farm and Farm size 6 (Tran, et al.,
Market Squared farm size 1 2024a); (Nguyen

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