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to technological change. Younger farmers are generally more open to innovation and
more comfortable with digital tools. Access to credit also positively influences adoption,
highlighting that financial resources remain a critical enabling condition for farmers to
invest in digital tools and technologies. Overall, these findings suggest that human capital
and financial capability are key foundations for digital agriculture adoption in Vietnam.
4.2. Farm and market factors
Farm and market characteristics also play a significant role in shaping technology
adoption.
Among these determinants, farm size appears as one of the most consistently
positive factors, indicating that farmers operating larger farms are more likely to adopt
digital technologies. Larger farms typically benefit more from efficiency gains, making
technology adoption more economically attractive. Environmental and production-
related factors such as pest and disease stress, waterlogging or drought stress, and soil
fertility conditions also influence adoption decisions. These results imply that farmers
facing higher production risks may seek digital technologies as tools for improving farm
management and reducing uncertainty. Market-related variables such as distance to
markets, relationships with collectors, and access to farming input services further
influence adoption behaviour. Farmers who are more integrated into agricultural markets
tend to have stronger incentives to adopt technologies that improve productivity and
competitiveness. These findings indicate that technology adoption is closely tied to the
economic structure of farming systems and market integration.
4.3. Institutional factors
Institutional support mechanisms represent another important determinant of
digital technology adoption. Variables such as participation in training programs, contact
with extension workers, and involvement in farmer organizations or community-based
organizations (CBOs) show positive relationships with adoption. Training programs appear
particularly influential, suggesting that capacity-building initiatives significantly improve
farmers’ ability to understand and use digital technologies. Extension services also play a
critical role in disseminating information and providing technical support. When farmers
have greater confidence in extension workers, they are more likely to adopt
recommended technologies. Participation in social or agricultural groups facilitates
knowledge sharing and collective learning, which reduces uncertainty about new
technologies. These findings highlight that institutional infrastructure and knowledge
dissemination systems are essential for promoting digital agriculture in Vietnam.
4.4. Digital factors
Digital infrastructure and digital capability variables also influence adoption
behaviour. Key determinants include internet access, internet cost, ownership of digital
devices, digital experience (including social media use), and access to digital information.
Internet access and device ownership are fundamental prerequisites for technology
adoption. Farmers with greater digital experience or exposure to digital platforms are
more likely to adopt digital technologies in agriculture, as familiarity reduces the
perceived complexity of digital tools. Additionally, access to digital information,
particularly climate or farming information, increases the perceived usefulness of digital
technologies and motivates adoption. These findings suggest that digital readiness and
infrastructure availability are critical enabling conditions for digital agriculture
development.
4.5. Behavioural factors

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