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Individual farmer’s al., 2024a)
attitude 1
Usefulness comparison 1
Farmer's trust in digital
extension services 1
Perceived risk/ Attitude 1 1
toward risk
Knowledge exchange 1
Trust in exchanged 1
knowledge
Source: Author

Figure 3. Conceptual framework of digital technology adoption in vietnamese
agriculture
Source: Author
4.1. Demographic and socioeconomic factors
Demographic and socioeconomic variables represent one of the most widely
examined categories in the literature. The findings indicate that factors such as age,
gender, education level, ethnic background, farming experience, household labour
availability, income, and access to credit significantly influence adoption decisions.
Education level and income-related variables show relatively consistent positive effects,
suggesting that better-educated and financially stable farmers are more capable of
understanding and investing in digital technologies. These farmers often possess greater
digital literacy and financial capacity to adopt new technologies.
In contrast, age demonstrates mixed findings, with more studies reporting negative
effects than positive ones. This indicates that older farmers tend to adopt digital
technologies less frequently, likely due to lower digital familiarity and greater resistance

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