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devices such as smartphones through
subsidies or support programs.
Strengthening digital Integrate digital technologies into (Tran et al., 2024a);
extension and agricultural extension programs using (Tran et al., 2024b);
information systems platforms such as social media, mobile (Hoang, 2020b)
phones, radio, and television. Develop
integrated digital platforms that
provide farming advice, weather
information, and market data.
Financial support Provide credit programs, subsidies, (Nguyen et al., 2025a);
and economic and targeted financial support to (Nguyen et al., 2025b);
incentives reduce the cost of adopting digital (Hoang & Drysdale,
technologies. Encourage participation 2021)
in cooperatives and collective
production models to increase farm
size and improve market access.
Institutional Strengthen collaboration between (Tran et al., 2024a);
collaboration and government agencies, extension (Hoang, 2020b);
farmer organisations services, technology providers, and (Hoang & Drysdale,
telecommunication companies. 2021)
Promote participation in cooperatives
and farmer organisations to facilitate
knowledge sharing and technology
diffusion.
Context-specific and Design digital adoption strategies (Nguyen et al., 2025a);
targeted policies based on farmers’ demographic and (Tran et al., 2019)
socioeconomic characteristics (age,
education, farm size, income) and
local agricultural conditions.
Source: Author
5. Conclusion and implications
This study conducted a systematic literature review to identify the determinants
influencing digital technology adoption among Vietnamese farmers. Based on ten empirical
quantitative studies selected using the PRISMA framework, the review identified 42
significant variables, which were grouped into five major categories: demographic and
socioeconomic factors, farm and market factors, institutional factors, digital factors, and
behavioural factors. The findings demonstrate that digital technology adoption in Vietnamese
agriculture is a multidimensional process shaped by the interaction of farmers’ characteristics,
farm conditions, institutional support, digital infrastructure, and behavioural perceptions.
Among these determinants, education level, income, farm size, participation in training
programs, and access to digital infrastructure consistently emerge as key enabling factors,
while age and limited digital literacy often act as barriers to adoption.
From a practical perspective, the results highlight several implications for
policymakers and practitioners. First, improving farmers’ digital skills and training is
essential to enhance their ability to utilize digital tools and technologies. Second,
strengthening rural digital infrastructure, including internet connectivity and access to
digital devices, is necessary to support digital agriculture development. Third, integrating

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