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SECTION I: MOLECULAR GENETIC ENGINEERING AND BIOCHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY 255Through systematic research and meta-analysis on the effects of probiotics on cortisol levels, Jain et al. concluded that probiotic supplementation could reduce cortisol levels, particularly in certain healthy populations who are not concurrently using other medications in Asia [27]. Zhang et al.%u2019s study provided promising results regarding the effects of B. subtilis on pigs [28]. When B. subtilis was added to the diet of piglets, plasma cortisol levels after 14 days were significantly lower compared to pigs that did not receive probiotics. Given the impact of B. subtilis on cortisol levels, the authors suggested that probiotics may help alleviate stress in piglets during their early life stages. In another study by Rehman et al. on the stress-reducing ability of probiotics in mice, positive effects of B. clausii in reducing cortisol were observed. Specifically, in both stressed and healthy mouse models, oral supplementation of B. clausii showed a reduction in plasma cortisol and ACTH levels after 14 days compared to mice that did not receive probiotics [29].The specific mechanisms behind the ability of probiotics, particularly Bacillus species, to regulate stress-related hormones are not yet fully understood. However, substantial evidence and hypotheses suggest a connection between the antiinflammatory properties of probiotics and the regulation of the HPA axis, with inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines influencing the production and release of hormones [9]. Changes in neurotransmitter systems such as serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine due to the effects of probiotics also impact the overall endocrine system.7. ANTIOXIDANT PROPERTIESOxidative stress occurs when there is an imbalance between the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the body%u2019s antioxidant capacity. At low concentrations, ROS contributes