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256 PROCEEDINGS OF INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE ON APPLIED BIOTECHNOLOGYto maintaining homeostasis, but excessive accumulation of ROS can damage cellular structures, leading to inflammation, neurodegeneration, and tissue damage, which are pathogenic factors associated with depression.Antioxidants derived from probiotics, especially those produced by Bacillus strains, are applied to mitigate the effects of ROS. Some Bacillus strains, such as B. amyloliquefaciens, produce a variety of phenolic and benzoic acids (gallic, 4-hydroxyphenyl acetic, caffeic, syringic, p-coumaric, trans-ferulic, and transcinnamic acids), which have strong antioxidant properties [30]. Meanwhile, when applied to mice, B. clausii increases the levels of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase [31]. These enzymes are capable of neutralizing ROS by eliminating superoxide and hydrogen peroxide radicals.In a study by Jemail (2017), DCS1 lipopeptides, a biosurfactant produced by B. methylotrophicus, were shown to possess antioxidant properties. This compound inhibits lipid peroxidation and prevents free radicals from damaging cell membranes. Additionally, DCS1 lipopeptides can form complexes with free metal ions, thereby blocking the ROS production process [10].CONCLUSIONSOverall, it can be observed that the characteristics of Bacillus in supporting the improvement of depression are closely interconnected, rather than functioning as independent mechanisms. However, some current antidepressant medications also affect gut microbiota, which can influence the effectiveness of probiotics and sometimes contribute to side effects or drug resistance. This emphasizes the importance of further research on the combinations of probiotics and antidepressants to optimize treatment outcomes. Although promising results have