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SECTION I: MOLECULAR GENETIC ENGINEERING AND BIOCHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY 249mechanical barrier, formed by tight junctions between epithelial and endothelial cells of the gut. These tight junctions restrict the entry of ions, molecules, and cells, thus maintaining a controlled barrier between the body and the external environment. Damage to any component of the intestinal barrier can affect gut health and the gut-brain axis, influencing the pathophysiology of depression.Bacillus probiotics may contribute to protecting gut health through various mechanisms, including antibacterial activity, immune modulation, and cellular health support.Several studies have reported Bacillus strains%u2019 ability to produce various antibiotics. For example, B. subtilis produces amicoumacin A, which inhibits the growth of Helicobacter pylori[14]; similarly, B. subtilis Natto produces surfactin, which inhibits the growth of Candida albicans in the gut [15].At the cellular level, Bacillus probiotics influence gene expression in the gut, promoting immune balance and antiinflammatory responses. A study by Caro et al. showed that the use of B. clausii in the treatment of esophagitis affected gene expression regulation in the duodenum through immune response, inflammation, growth, cell signaling, and cell death pathways [11].Additionally, there is evidence suggesting that Bacillusprobiotics help repair intestinal barrier damage. Probiotic formulations containing B. coagulans SC208 and B. subtilis HU58 reduced the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF%u03b1 and IL6, as well as significantly decreased intestinal mucosal damage. These probiotics also produce enzymes, vitamins, and peptides that support beneficial gut bacteria, promoting a diverse microbial environment that helps reduce inflammation and enhance homeostatic balance in the gut. The role of Bacillus in the gut is