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IMPACT OF DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION ON SUSTAINABLE HUMAN
RESOURCE MANAGEMENT IN TOURISM COOPERATIVES:
EVIDENCE FROM BAC NINH PROVINCE

1
Vu Quynh Nam , Bui Nhu Hien* 2

1, 2 Thai Nguyen University of Economics and Business Administration, Thai Nguyen, Vietnam.
(*E-mail: buinhuhien@gmail.com)

ABSTRACT
This study examines the impact of digital transformation on sustainable human
resource management (SHRM) in tourism cooperatives in Bac Ninh province, Vietnam.
Data were collected from 200 cooperative members using a structured questionnaire
based on a five-point Likert scale. The research focuses on key factors, including Digital
Infrastructure (DI), Digital Leadership (DL), HR Development Sustainability (HRD),
Employment Stability and Fairness (ESF), and Participation and Cooperation (PC). Data
analysis was conducted through reliability testing, exploratory factor analysis (EFA), and
multiple regression analysis. The findings indicate that digital infrastructure and digital
leadership exert positive and statistically significant effects on sustainable HRM practices,
particularly in enhancing long-term workforce stability, fairness in income distribution,
and participatory governance within tourism cooperatives. Furthermore, strengthening
human resource development, ensuring employment stability and fairness, and
promoting internal participation and cooperation contribute to enhancing the operational
effectiveness of tourism cooperatives in the context of digital transformation. This study
provides empirical evidence supporting the advancement of sustainable human resource
management within the collective economic sector in emerging economy settings.
Keywords: Digital transformation; sustainable human resource management;
tourism cooperatives; digital capability, Bac Ninh province.

1. Introduction
In the context of the Fourth Industrial Revolution, digital transformation has
become a key driver of organizational change, reshaping operational processes, business
models, and human resource management practices through technologies such as big
data, artificial intelligence, and digital platforms (Vial, 2021; Verhoef et al., 2021). In the
tourism industry, digital transformation enhances service efficiency, improves customer
connectivity, and enables more flexible management systems, thereby strengthening
competitiveness.
At the same time, Sustainable Human Resource Management (SHRM) has gained
increasing attention as an approach that emphasizes long-term workforce development,
fairness, and sustainable organizational performance (Ehnert, 2009; Kramar, 2014). Unlike
traditional HRM, SHRM focuses on balancing economic and social objectives by
promoting participation, employment stability, and continuous skill development, which
are essential for adapting to rapid technological changes.
The relationship between digital transformation and SHRM is particularly relevant
for cooperatives, which play a significant role in local economic development in many
developing countries (OECD, 2010). In tourism, cooperatives contribute to community-

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