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H2: Digital leadership positively affects SHRM.
H3: Digital capability positively affects SHRM.
H4: Digital application positively affects SHRM.
3. Research methodology
3.1. Research model
Based on prior studies on digital transformation and SHRM, this study examines the
impact of four dimensions - digital infrastructure (DI), digital leadership (DL), digital
capability (DC), and digital application (DA) - on sustainable human resource management
in tourism cooperatives (Vial, 2021; Verhoef et al., 2021; Kane et al., 2019).
Digital infrastructure reflects technological readiness, digital leadership captures
managerial ability to drive transformation, digital capability represents employees’ ability
to utilize digital technologies, and digital application measures the extent of technology
use in operations. These factors are expected to positively influence SHRM, defined as
enhancing employees’ competencies and adaptability in dynamic environments (Aust et
al., 2020).
Given the exploratory nature of the study and the sample size (n = 200), EFA and
multiple regression are employed to ensure parsimony and empirical interpretability,
while future studies may adopt SEM for further validation.
3.2. Data collection
Data were collected from 200 members of tourism cooperatives in Bac Ninh
Province, Vietnam-a context characterized by growing digital adoption in tourism
activities. A structured questionnaire, adapted from prior studies, was employed, with a
pilot test conducted to ensure clarity. All variables were measured using a five-point
Likert scale.
3.3. Measurement of variables
Measurement scales were adapted from validated studies. Digital infrastructure (DI)
was measured based on Vial (2021), digital leadership (DL) on Kane et al. (2019), while
digital capability (DC) and digital application (DA) were adapted from prior digital
transformation studies.
The dependent variable, sustainable human resource management (SHRM), was
measured through three dimensions: human resource development, employment
stability and fairness, and participation and collaboration (Ehnert, 2009; Kramar, 2014;
Aust et al., 2020). Reliability and validity were assessed using Cronbach’s Alpha and EFA,
followed by multiple regression analysis to test the hypotheses.
4. Results
4.1. Reliability analysis
The reliability of the measurement scales was examined using Cronbach’s Alpha and
the Corrected Item–Total Correlation. According to Hair et al. (2019), a measurement
scale is considered reliable when Cronbach’s Alpha exceeds 0.7 and the corrected item–
total correlation is greater than 0.3.
Table 1. Cronbach’s Alpha and Corrected Item-Total Correlations
Scale Corrected Cronbach's
Scale Mean if
Item Deleted Variance if Item-Total Alpha if Item
Item Deleted Correlation Deleted
Digital Infrastructure – DI Cronbach’s Alpha = 0,835
DI1 10.70 6.814 .587 .824
DI2 10.84 5.797 .695 .778

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