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human resource management in tourism cooperatives. Overall, the ANOVA results
support the validity of the regression model for subsequent coefficient analysis.
Regression coefficient analysis
After confirming the overall suitability of the regression model, the regression
coefficients were analyzed to determine the magnitude and direction of the effects of
digital transformation factors on Sustainable Human Resource Management (SHRM) in
tourism cooperatives in Bac Ninh Province.
Table 8. Coefficients a

Unstandardized Standardized
Coefficients Coefficients Collinearity Statistics
Model B Std. Error Beta t Sig. Tolerance VIF
1
Constant -.079 .212 -.372 .710
DI
.168 .050 .174 3.379 .001 .683 1.464

DL
.274 .062 .241 4.419 .000 .611 1.638

DC
.174 .056 .167 3.121 .002 .634 1.577

DA
.370 .043 .442 8.592 .000 .683 1.463

a. Dependent Variable: SHRM

Source: Author
The results indicate that all independent variables have positive and statistically
significant effects on SHRM. Digital application (DA) has the strongest impact (β = 0.442, p
< 0.001), followed by digital leadership (DL) (β = 0.241, p < 0.001), digital infrastructure
(DI) (β = 0.174, p = 0.001), and digital capability (DC) (β = 0.167, p = 0.002). Thus, all
hypotheses (H1–H4) are supported. The estimated regression equation is:
SHRM = −0.079 + 0.168DI + 0.274DL + 0.174DC + 0.370DA
Multicollinearity is not a concern, as VIF values range from 1.463 to 1.638 and
tolerance values exceed 0.5. Overall, the findings confirm that digital transformation
factors significantly enhance sustainable human resource management in tourism
cooperatives.
5. Discussion
The results confirm that digital transformation - comprising digital infrastructure
(DI), digital leadership (DL), digital capability (DC), and digital application (DA) - has
positive and significant effects on Sustainable Human Resource Management (SHRM) in
tourism cooperatives. This highlights the critical role of digital transformation in
promoting sustainable human resource development in increasingly digitalized
environments.
Digital infrastructure enhances information exchange, knowledge sharing, and
training activities, thereby improving internal management efficiency, consistent with Vial
(2019). Digital leadership plays a key role in shaping transformation strategies, fostering

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