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The results confirm that digital infrastructure, leadership, capability, and application
all positively affect SHRM, with digital application having the strongest influence. These
findings highlight the importance of digital platforms in enhancing skills, participation,
and organizational learning.
The study contributes to the literature by providing evidence from tourism
cooperatives in a developing economy, extending prior research focused on large firms.
Practically, it emphasizes the need for investments in digital infrastructure, leadership,
skills development, and application to improve HRM and competitiveness.
However, the study is limited by its focus on a single province and a restricted set of
variables. Future research should expand to other contexts and explore additional factors
such as organizational culture, innovation, and policy support.
In conclusion, digital transformation plays a crucial role in promoting sustainable
human resource management, supporting long-term workforce development, and
enhancing the sustainability and competitiveness of tourism cooperatives in the digital
economy.

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