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arithmetic mean of the three indices to illustrate the relative position of countries within
the multi-layer structure of digital governance.
Although this approach does not test causal relationships, it provides a systematic
overview of digital governance capacity and allows Vietnam’s position to be assessed
within the broader context of global digital transformation
Table 1. Operationalization of the analytical framework
Layer in the Measurement Index / Data
analytical objective source Observed variables
framework
Assess the Overall EGDI and its
development components: OSI (Online
Layer 1: Digital level of digital UN E- Service Index), TII
infrastructure Government
(digital infrastructure, Development (Telecommunication
public
Infrastructure Index), and HCI
online
government Index (EGDI)
foundation) services, and 2024 (Human Capital Index);
citizens’ digital supplemented with the E-
capacity Participation Index
Overall GTMI and four
Evaluate the components: CGSI (Core
degree of
GovTech Government Systems and
Layer 2: Data GovTech Shared Infrastructure), PSDI
integration / integration, Maturity Index (Public Service Delivery), DCEI
system
GovTech interoperability, (GTMI) 2025 – (Digital Citizen Engagement),
maturity World Bank and GTEI (GovTech Enablers:
and whole-of-
government data strategy, legal frameworks,
governance institutions, and
implementation capacity)
Assess the
readiness of the Six pillars: Policy Capacity, AI
public sector to Government AI
Layer 3: AI deploy AI based Readiness Infrastructure, Governance,
adoption on institutional Index 2025 – Public Sector Adoption,
readiness Development and Diffusion,
capacity and Oxford Insights and Resilience
technological
ecosystems
Source: United Nations (2024); World Bank (2025); Oxford Insights (2025).
4. Research results
The research findings are presented sequentially according to the three-layer
analytical framework introduced in Section 2.3 and operationalized in Section 3. Layer 1
assesses Vietnam’s digital infrastructure foundation using the United Nations E-
Government Development Index (EGDI) 2024. Layer 2 evaluates the level of GovTech
integration and data governance through the World Bank’s GovTech Maturity Index
(GTMI) 2025. Layer 3 examines AI adoption readiness in the public sector using the
Government AI Readiness Index 2025 published by Oxford Insights ( The slight variation in
publication years reflects the different reporting cycles of the respective international
organizations and ensures that the assessment incorporates the latest available global
benchmarks for each layer of the analytical framework.

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