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SECTION I: MOLECULAR GENETIC ENGINEERING AND BIOCHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY 141 Origin of black pepper plant Distillation method Composition (%) Essential oil yield References Chau Duc, Ba Ria-Vung tau Province, Vietnam Hydro-distillation (HD) %u03b2-caryophyllene 24.34%, %u03b4-3-Carene 17.12%, limonene 15.51%, and %u03b2-pinene 8.13% 2.19% [6] Steam distillation (SD) %u03b2-caryophyllene 29.86%, %u03b4-3-Carene 15.49%, limonene 15.24%, and %u03b2-pinene 7.93% 1.16% [6] Microwaveassisted hydro- distillation (MHD) %u03b2-caryophyllene 25.694%, %u03b4-3-Carene 2.544%, limonene 13.163%, and %u03b2-pinene 0.011% 1.33% [6] Vung Tau City, Vietnam Hydro-distillation 3-carene 35.21%, D-limonene 21.54 %, %u03b2-Caryophyllene 10.05 %, %u03b2-pinene 9.17 %, Sabinene 7.37 ), %u03b1-pinene 4.45 % and Elemene 4.09% 0.75% [16] Dak Lak province, Vietnam Hydro-distillation with a Clevenger-type apparatus D-limonene 9.9 %, Caryophyllene 45.7 %, %u03b1-pinene 2.2%, %u03b2-pinene 3.8 %, and Elemene 5.5% 2.3% [7] Dak Lak province, Vietnam Hydro-distillation with a 10 L stainless boiler unit 3-Carene 17.31%, D-limonene 18.7 %, Caryophyllene 26.47 %, %u03b1-pinene 5.44%, %u03b2-pinene 9.97 %, Sabinene 4.27 %, %u03b1-Phellandrene 4.10% and Elemene 3.04% 7.6 mL/300 g or 2.18% %u00b1 0.01 This study NA: No information available