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140 PROCEEDINGS OF INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE ON APPLIED BIOTECHNOLOGY Table 2. Black pepper essential oil yield by different methods with different conditions and material origins Origin of black pepper plant Distillation method Composition (%) Essential oil yield References Hainan province, China Solvent-free ultrasonic- 3-%u0394-carene 33.2%, limonene 19.2%, %u03b2-pinene 14.0%, and %u03b1-pinene 8.6%. 3.7 %u00b1 0.1% [8] Hainan province, China Microwave assisted extraction (MAE) 3-%u0394-carene 25.1%, limonene 16.0%, %u03b2-pinene 9.0%, and %u03b1-pinene 5.2%. 3.4 %u00b1 0.1% [8] Chittagong city (Khatunganj), Bangladesh Steam distillation with Clevenger apparatus Caryophyllene 19.12%, limonene 9.74%, camphene 8.44%. NA [23] Dhaka city, Bangladesh Steam distillation Caryophyllene 18.39%, %u03b1-Pinene 16.69%, D-Limonene 16.17%, %u03b2-Pinene 13.62%, 3-Carene 9.23% 2.16% [2] Kerala, India Steam distillation Caryophyllene 10.66%, 3-Carene 32.61%, D-Limonene 5.22%, %u03b2-Pinene 13.20%, %u03b1-Pinene 7.35%, %u03b2-Cymene 3.446%, beta- Myrcene 3.108% 1.99% [2] Vietnam Hydro-distillation Caryophyllene 45.7%, D-limonene 9.88%, and %u03b2-pinene 3.78%, %u03b1-pinene 2.23%, Elemene 5.47% 2.3% [7]