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is insufficient to shape favorable attitudes toward preventive health behaviors such as
using family doctor services.
Additionally, perceived severity was found to have a positive influence on attitude
toward health behavior (β = 0.258, p < 0.001), providing strong support for H2. This
finding indicates that greater awareness of the seriousness and potential consequences of
health problems strengthens positive evaluations of engaging in preventive healthcare.
Consistent with expectations, perceived benefits exhibited a significant positive
effect on attitude (β = 0.235, p < 0.001), supporting H3. This result highlights the
importance of recognizing the benefits of family doctor services, including early diagnosis,
continuity of care, and long-term health management, in shaping favorable attitudes.
In contrast, perceived barriers demonstrated a significant negative effect on
attitude toward health behavior (β = -0.231, p < 0.001). Thus, H4 was supported in the
hypothesized direction. This finding implies that concerns related to cost, accessibility,
time constraints, or trust in service quality weaken positive evaluations of family doctor
utilization.
Table 4. Specific Indirect Effects Table

Path Original Sample Standard T-value P-value Remarks
Sample Mean Deviation
(β) (M) (STDEV)

Attitude → 0.488 0.489 0.037 13.142 0.000 Accepted
Intention Use

Perceived Barriers -0.113 -0.116 0.017 6.740 0.000 Accepted
→ Attitude →
Intention Use

Perceived Benefits 0.115 0.115 0.023 5.090 0.000 Accepted
→ Attitude →
Intention Use

Perceived Severity 0.126 0.126 0.023 5.422 0.000 Accepted
→ Attitude →
Intention Use

Perceived 0.017 0.021 0.016 1.044 0.297 Rejected
Susceptibility →
Attitude →
Intention Use

Source: Research team (2025)
Furthermore, attitude toward health behavior was found to have a strong and
positive impact on intention to use family doctor services (β = 0.488, t = 13.142, p < 0.001),
providing support for H5. This result confirms attitude as the most proximal and
influential predictor of intention, consistent with the Theory of Planned Behavior.
Based on effect size, perceived barriers exerted the strongest influence on attitude
toward health behavior, followed by perceived benefits and perceived severity, while
perceived susceptibility showed no significant effect.
Among the proposed hypotheses, perceived severity, perceived benefits, and

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