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Table 1. Outer loadings results
Construct Item Outer Loading

PC PC1 - PC4 0.708 - 0.864

PS PS1 - PS4 0.778 - 0.823

PBE PBE2 - PBE5 0.780 - 0.888

PBA PBA1 - PBA4 0.708 - 0.803

AT AT1 - AT4 0.765 - 0.810

IT IT1 - IT5 0.801 - 0.867

Source: Research team (2025)
Internal Consistency Reliability and Convergent Validity
Internal consistency was evaluated through both Cronbach’s Alpha and Composite
Reliability (CR). According to Hair et al. (2021), CR > 0.70 and Cronbach’s Alpha > 0.70 are
considered acceptable for exploratory and confirmatory research. All constructs had
Cronbach’s Alpha values above 0.70, ranging from 0.764 to 0.873, and CR values from
0.826 to 0.906, indicating strong reliability for all constructs. Convergent validity was
evaluated using the Average Variance Extracted (AVE). All constructs exceeded the
minimum acceptable threshold of 0.50 (Fornell and Larcker, 1981), confirming that over
half of the variance in the indicators was explained by their respective latent variables.
Table 2. Cronbach's Alpha and AVE results
Construct Cronbach's Alpha Composite Reliability AVE

PC 0.813 0.865 0.618

PS 0.814 0.877 0.642

PBE 0.846 0.897 0.685

PBA 0.751 0.842 0.571

AT 0.791 0.864 0.614

IT 0.880 0.913 0.677

Source: Research team (2025)
Discriminant Validity
Discriminant validity was assessed using both the Fornell-Larcker Criterion and the
Heterotrait-Monotrait Ratio (HTMT). In the Fornell-Larcker matrix, the square roots of
AVE (diagonal elements) exceeded inter-construct correlations, confirming adequate
discriminant validity. Additionally, HTMT values must be below the 0.90 threshold to
confirm that the constructs are distinct (Hair et al., 2019). All HTMT values were below
the threshold of 0.85 (Clark and Watson, 1995; Henseler et al., 2015), ranging between
0.135 and 0.582, further supporting discriminant validity.

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