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SECTION II. APPLIED BIOTECHNOLOGY IN THE PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY... 337pradimicin with yields higher than that of the wild-type strain. Pradimicin production in these mutants increased from 1.3-fold to 6.1-fold compared to pradimicin yields of wild-type strain. The pradimicin yield achieved from A. hibisca M4 and A. hibisca M14 are 52.4%u00b10.4 mg/L and 48.6%u00b10.6, respectively. In A. hibiscaM4, the rpsL gene was mutated at codon 43 (K43M) and the rpsLgene of A. hibisca M14 was mutated at codon 88 (K88R). This is consistent with previous studies. To further enhance pradimicin production, the ribosome engineering strategy can be combined with other strategies for increasing secondary metabolite yields, such as metabolic engineering, promoter replacement, and using elicitors.Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.REFERENCES1. Sugawara, A.; Nishizawa, A.; & Tamura, T. Pradimicin A: A novel antifungal antibiotic complex. J. Antibiot. 1992; 45(1), 100-110.2. Oki, T.; Konishi, M.; Tomatsu, K.; Tomita, K.; Saitoh, K.; Tsunakawa, M.; Nishio, M.; Miyaki, T.; Kawaguchi, H. Pradimicin, a novel class of potent antifungal antibiotics. J. Antibiot. 1988; 41(11):1701-4.3. Kim, B.C.; Lee, J.M.; Ahn, J.S.; Kim, B.S. Cloning, sequencing, and of the pradimicin A biosynthetic gene cluster of Actinomadura hibisca P157-2. J. Microbiol. Biotechnol.2007;17:8309-9.4. Oki, T.; Saitoh, K.; Tomatsu, K.; Tomita, K.; Konishi, M.; Kawaguchi, H. Pradimicins A, B and C, new antifungal antibiotics. II. In vitro and in vivo biological activities. J. Antibiot. 1990;43:763%u201370.