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reduce poverty” 124 . In a broader view, UNEP (United Nations Environment
Programme) defined the green economy as an economic model, which is characterized
by “improved human well-being and social equity, while significantly reducing

environmental risks and ecological scarcities” 125 .
The level of green growth is usually and simply described by the relationship
between the GDP growth rate (gGDP’) and the growth rate of emission per GDP unit
(gE/GDP’). According to the neoclassical macroeconomic model, the economy of a
country achieves a green growth if the following relation could be ensured:
g GDP’ > g E/GDP’ (1)
That relation is equal to the relationship between the GDP growth rate (gGDP’) and
the emission growth rate (gE’):

gGDP’ > gE’ (2)
In fact, researchers and practical experts usually use the equation (2) and
demonstrate the data of the analysis period in the form of figures on one diagram. A
green growth could be easily seen if the curve of emission growth rate lies below the
curve of the GDP growth rate and the distance between 2 curves goes bigger and bigger.
In fact, the relation doesn’t fully reflect the relationships between the green

transformation and the GDP growth as well as the emission, and ignores the spillover
effects of green development.
Following a technical approach, OECD tried to describe the level of green growth
according to a package of indicators, clarified into 3 groups: the environmental and
resource productivity, natural asset base and the environmental quality of life 126 . This
indicator system is currently applied broadly and becomes more and more systematic
in terms of historic comparison (in time series).

Urbanization
Urbanization is the process of the population and resource concentration in cities
and towns. It’s a context of the process of reorganizing the socio- economic space of
each country or each region in the direction of increasing the percentage of the urban
population and economical potential on the same indicators of the total country, which
is combined closely with the change of the organization model of the socio- economic

life as well as the living style of that country, region from traditional into urban one.
Green urbanization
Green urbanization is simply defined as a model of urbanization, which enables
rational urbanization and better environmental protection. Almost of scientists and
practitioners try to explain and prove the necessity of green urbanization with the
argument that the urbanization causes environmental damages continuously and it

124 Sjak Smulders, Michael Toman, Cees Withagen (2014), Growth theory and ‘green growth’. Oxford Review
of Economic Policy, Volume 30, Number 3, 2014
125 UNEP (2011), Towards a Green Economy: Pathways to Sustainable Development and Poverty Eradication.
United Nations Environment Programme.
126 OECD (2017), Green growth indicators 2017.

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