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contextualised for Vietnam and illustrated with pilot data from 99 business students in Ho
Chi Minh City.
7.1. Several limitations must be acknowledged
The pilot sample is small, non-representative, and drawn from a single institution
All measures are self-reported, introducing common method bias
The cross-sectional design cannot establish causal relationships
The survey does not directly measure digital/AI competencies or behavioural biases
(present bias, overconfidence) central to the framework
Very high inter-predictor correlations raise multicollinearity concerns in the multiple
regression
7.2. Directions for future research include:
A larger, multi-institutional survey incorporating validated measures of digital skills,
self-efficacy (e.g., Bandura's scales), and employer-demand perceptions
Longitudinal designs tracking students from university to early career to assess
actual (not merely perceived) employability outcomes
Experimental or quasi-experimental designs testing behavioural interventions
(nudges, career information treatments) in enhancing students' human capital
investment
Comparative studies across different institutional types, disciplines, and regions
within Vietnam and across ASEAN economies.

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