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mitigation, enhanced governance efficiency, and reduced transaction costs. At the
regional level, Olczyk and Kuc-Czarnecka (2022) utilized the European Union's DESI index
(EU-28) to show that the two pillars of "digital connectivity" and "digital human
resources" correlate most strongly with GDP growth, implying that investment in
technological infrastructure and digital skills development constitutes the fundamental
cornerstone of national productivity. Secondly, regarding indirect impacts, recent studies
focus on the role of digital transformation in enhancing Total Factor Productivity (TFP)
and fostering innovation. Choi and Yi (2009) analyzed 207 countries and pointed out that
Internet usage rates have a positive and statistically significant correlation with GDP
growth, reflecting the role of digital connectivity in knowledge diffusion and trade
expansion. In China, Tu et al. (2025) demonstrated that the application of digital
technologies-including big data, artificial intelligence, and automation-has significantly
increased TFP within the manufacturing sector, thereby accelerating economic growth
rates. Synthesizing these findings, various international organizations such as the World
Bank (Minges, 2015) and the OECD (Czernich et al., 2011) contend that the effectiveness
of digital transformation depends upon institutional readiness, human capital quality, and
technological absorptive capacity. In developed nations, the impact of digital
transformation often manifests rapidly and robustly due to synchronized infrastructure
and institutional environments; conversely, in developing nations, the effects are
primarily realized through productivity improvements and long-term efficiency rather
than short-term growth.
Vietnam has identified digital transformation not merely as the application of
technology, but as a strategic imperative intertwined with institutional reform and the
modernization of its economic growth model. According to Resolution No. 52-NQ/TW
dated September 27, 2019, by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of
Vietnam, the state has established the objective to effectively leverage the
opportunities presented by the Fourth Industrial Revolution to accelerate the process of
growth model innovation and economic restructuring. This strategy is anchored in the
execution of strategic breakthroughs and national modernization, with a focus on
robust digital economy development, rapid and sustainable growth driven by science
and technology, innovation, and high-quality human resources. Furthermore, the policy
aims to enhance the quality of life and social welfare, while ensuring national defense,
security, and environmental protection.
On June 3, 2020, the Prime Minister issued Decision No. 749/QD-TTg, approving the
"National Digital Transformation Program to 2025, with an orientation toward 2030,"
which establishes a vision for Vietnam to become a digital nation. This vision
encompasses the development of a digital government, a digital economy, and a digital
society, alongside the formation of globally competitive Vietnamese digital technology
enterprises. Striving toward 2030, the program aims for 100% of public services to reach
Level 4, with a majority of administrative records processed entirely within a digital
environment. Key technical targets include the establishment of a national data platform
integrated with the Internet of Things (IoT), a 30% reduction in administrative procedures,
and the robust expansion of data-driven creative services. Economically, the digital
economy is projected to account for 30% of GDP, with annual labor productivity growth
of at least 8%. Additionally, Vietnam aspires to rank among the global leaders in
information technology, competitiveness, and innovation. In terms of social objectives,
the program targets the universalization of fiber-optic internet and nationwide 5G

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