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This indicates the increasing prevalence of cashless payment methods in daily life in Hanoi.
Such a trend is closely associated with the rapid development of e-commerce, digital
services, and modern consumption patterns in urban areas.
With respect to payment methods, e-wallets are the most commonly used (39.6%),
followed by QR code payments (30.8%) and bank transfers (29.6%). These findings
highlight the diversification of the digital payment ecosystem in Hanoi, where convenient
and fast payment methods such as e-wallets and QR codes are becoming increasingly
dominant. This reflects the distinctive characteristics of Hanoi’s digital payment
environment, where modern payment solutions are widely implemented across retail
stores, restaurants, shopping centers, and e-commerce platforms.
Compared to studies conducted in other regions of Vietnam, the level of digital
payment usage in Hanoi appears to be higher, particularly among younger consumers and
in everyday transactions. While in less urbanized areas, the adoption of digital payments
is still constrained by cash-based habits and limited technological infrastructure, in Hanoi,
factors such as high smartphone penetration, a rapidly growing fintech ecosystem, and
urban consumption behavior have significantly promoted the adoption and usage of
digital payments.
Overall, the descriptive statistics not only reflect the demographic characteristics of
the sample but also highlight the distinctive features of Hanoi’s digital payment
environment. These findings provide an important foundation for interpreting the results
of subsequent quantitative analyses in this study.
4.2. Reliability testing with Cronbach’s alpha
The reliability assessment results indicate that all measurement scales used in the
research model meet the required standards of internal consistency. The Cronbach’s
Alpha coefficients for all constructs are greater than 0.7, exceeding the minimum
threshold commonly recommended in behavioral research. This confirms that the
observed variables within each construct are closely correlated and consistently measure
the same underlying theoretical concept.
In addition, the corrected item–total correlation coefficients of all observed
variables are above 0.3. This suggests that each item makes a meaningful contribution to
the overall scale structure, and no variable needs to be removed at this stage of analysis.
These findings demonstrate that the measurement scales employed in the study achieve
satisfactory reliability, providing a solid foundation for proceeding with Exploratory Factor
Analysis (EFA) to examine the factor structure of the research model.
4.3. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA)
The results of the KMO and Bartlett’s tests indicate that the collected data are
entirely appropriate for conducting Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA). The Kaiser-Meyer-
Olkin (KMO) coefficient reaches 0.879, falling within the range of 0.8 to 0.9, which reflects
a very good level of correlation among the observed variables. This demonstrates that the
research sample has high adequacy and satisfies the requirements for extracting
underlying latent factors.
In addition, Bartlett’s Test of Sphericity yields a Chi-Square value of 5196.678 with a
significance level of Sig. = 0.000 (< 0.05), indicating that the variables are statistically
significant and correlated with one another. Therefore, with a high KMO value and a
statistically significant Bartlett’s test result, the research data fully meet the necessary
conditions to proceed with Exploratory Factor Analysis in order to identify the factor
structure of the research model.

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