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Budiarti et al. (2021) expanded this definition by describing digital payment as a
payment method generated through digital mechanisms, in which both the sender and
the receiver use digital channels to transfer and receive money (Budiarti et al., 2021). In
addition, Dyudikova (2019) argued that digital payments refer to cashless transactions
processed via digital channels, with mobile-based payments being the most common
form (Dyudikova, 2019).
Based on the above definitions, this study synthesizes and conceptualizes digital
payment as a payment method conducted through digital tools, devices, and platforms
that enable consumers to transfer and receive monetary value without directly using
physical cash, typically via the Internet or other electronic channels. This includes
payment forms such as mobile payments, e-wallets, QR code payments, digital banking,
and other fintech-enabled payment methods.
2.2.2. Concept of usage intention
Usage intention is considered a crucial mediating factor in predicting individuals’
actual behavior. According to Ajzen (1991), within the framework of the Theory of
Planned Behavior (TPB), behavioral intention reflects the degree of an individual’s
readiness to perform a specific behavior and is regarded as the most immediate and
powerful predictor of that behavior. Behavioral intention is influenced by attitude,
subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control (Ajzen, 1991).
In the field of technology acceptance, usage intention is commonly defined as the
extent to which a user is willing to adopt a new technological system. In the Technology
Acceptance Model (TAM), usage intention is the central dependent variable influenced by
perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use (Davis, 1989). Davis’ study demonstrated
that usage intention has a strong and statistically significant relationship with actual
usage behavior.
The Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) further confirms
that usage intention acts as a mediator between cognitive, social, and facilitating factors
and actual usage behavior (Venkatesh et al., 2003). The stronger the intention, the
greater the likelihood that an individual will engage in the behavior. In the context of
digital payments, usage intention refers to the degree of consumers’ willingness and
desire to choose and adopt digital payment methods instead of traditional cash.
Studying usage intention rather than actual behavior is particularly meaningful in
rapidly evolving technological environments, as intention reflects future behavioral
tendencies and allows researchers to predict technology acceptance under dynamic
market conditions.
2.2.3. Technology acceptance model (TAM)
The Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), proposed by Fred Davis (1989), is one of
the most foundational theories in the field of technology adoption research. The model
was developed to explain and predict users’ acceptance behavior toward information
systems through two core cognitive constructs: perceived usefulness and perceived ease
of use.
According to Davis (1989), perceived usefulness is defined as the degree to which an
individual believes that using a particular system will enhance their job performance.
Perceived ease of use refers to the degree to which an individual believes that using the
system requires minimal effort. These two factors influence users’ attitudes toward the
technology, which subsequently affect their behavioral intention and ultimately their
actual usage behavior.

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