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At the bank level, ESG should be embedded into core strategy and risk management
processes alongside strong cost discipline. While ESG engagement can enhance resilience,
its effectiveness depends on sustained managerial commitment and efficient operations.
In technology-driven banking environments, innovation supports stability only when
aligned with robust internal governance.
Despite its contributions, this study has some limitations. It focuses on listed banks
in selected Asian economies over a relatively short period and relies primarily on fixed-
effects models. Future research could apply dynamic panel methods (e.g., GMM) or
instrumental variable approaches to address endogeneity and incorporate more detailed
measures of institutional and technological factors.

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