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Data collection was conducted using both online and offline methods. The online
questionnaire was designed using Google Forms and distributed through various channels,
including personal emails, social media platforms such as Facebook and Zalo, and online
communities related to consumption and finance. In addition, a portion of the
questionnaires was administered directly at selected public locations and universities in
Hanoi to enhance the diversity of the sample. A total of 400 questionnaires were
distributed; after removing invalid responses, 318 valid responses were retained for
analysis.
The sample size meets the minimum requirements for quantitative analyses such as
factor analysis and multiple regression, as the number of observations should be at least
five times the number of observed variables and not less than 200 to ensure the reliability
of Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) (Hair et al., 2010). All variables were measured using
a 5-point Likert scale ranging from 1 (“Strongly disagree”) to 5 (“Strongly agree”).
The collected data were processed using SPSS 20 through several key analytical
steps, including reliability testing using Cronbach’s Alpha, Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA)
to assess convergent and discriminant validity of the measurement scales, and multiple
linear regression analysis (OLS) to test the proposed research hypotheses.
4. Research results
4.1. Descriptive statistics of the sample
Table 1. Descriptive statistics of the sample (N = 318)
Characteristics Category Frequency Percentage (%)
Male 142 44.7
Gender
Female 176 55.3
18–25 132 41.5
26–35 104 32.7
Age
36–45 52 16.4
>45 30 9.4
Frequent 168 52.8
Frequency of digital payment Occasional 110 34.6
usage
Rare 40 12.6
E-wallets 126 39.6
Preferred payment methods QR code payments 98 30.8
Bank transfers 94 29.6
Source: Author’s analysis using SPSS
The sample consists of 318 consumers residing in Hanoi who have used at least one
form of digital payment. In terms of gender distribution, females account for 55.3% of the
sample, while males represent 44.7%, indicating a relatively balanced distribution and
reflecting the increasing adoption of digital payments across both genders.
Regarding age, the majority of respondents fall within the 18–25 age group (41.5%),
followed by those aged 26–35 (32.7%). Older age groups account for smaller proportions.
This result suggests that younger consumers play a dominant role in the adoption of
digital payment methods. This finding is consistent with the context of Hanoi as a major
urban center characterized by high smartphone penetration and strong access to digital
technologies, particularly among younger populations who are more likely to adopt
innovative payment solutions.
In terms of usage frequency, most respondents reported using digital payments
frequently (52.8%), while 34.6% use them occasionally and only 12.6% rarely use them.

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