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SECTION II. APPLIED BIOTECHNOLOGY IN THE PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY... 407The data in Table 6 reveal that model 2 achieved a higher yield of 27.78 tons per hectare, which translated to significantly increased total revenue and profit compared to model 1. The value-cost ratio (VCR) further underscores the economic advantage of model 2. While model 1 has a VCR of 0.54, model 2 demonstrates a VCR of 1.61, indicating greater economic efficiency and profitability.These results highlight that the application of organic fertilizers, in combination with multifunctional biological products for soil improvement as used in model 2, is a costeffective and economically viable option for farmers, contributing to higher profitability and sustainability in agricultural practices. The Results section should describe the outcome of the study. This section may be divided by subheadings.4. DISCUSSIONAdvancements in biotechnology today, particularly in developing microbial products with beneficial microorganisms, are being applied in biological soil management. These products, fermented with organic fertilizers and agricultural by-products, are either added to the soil or applied directly to enhance soil improvement, restore soil health, and increase crop yields (Ayuj Dutta et al., 2024) [10].In this study, the application of organic fertilizers fermented with decomposed manure and agricultural by-products has notably improved soil properties, specifically by increasing organic matter content, enhancing nitrogen levels, and boosting the density of beneficial soil microorganisms. Key microbial strains contributing to nitrogen fixation, such as Bacillus megateriumCFB3 and Azotobacter chroococcum NBRC 102613, as well as strains promoting rapid organic matter decomposition like Trichoderma