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sustainable development. The environmental content in future FTAs will likely be more
focused and deepened to achieve key objectives, strengths, and closely tied to FTAs,

such as promoting green technology, greening production, and greening consumption,
or preferential policies encouraging green trade goals. Other aspects may also be
improved in upcoming FTAs, including mechanisms for implementing and monitoring
environmental provisions, along with further development of consultation, reporting,
investigation, and resolution mechanisms related to environmental disputes. It is also
worth noting that the author predicts that in the short and medium term, environmental
content and green growth will increasingly be integrated into FTAs because the goals of
green growth still require a significant amount of time to achieve. Although green

growth, as outlined in the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), has a roadmap set
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for 2030, Similar to the previous Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), achieving
these also takes much longer than anticipated. Specifically, green growth is an initiative
with numerous objectives, as mentioned earlier, and since FTAs will mainly leverage
strengths in promoting specific content, effective implementation of international
environmental agreements (as mentioned) and numerous other efforts are necessary to

fully achieve green growth.
5. Conclusion
In modern international relations, international law often faces skepticism
regarding its effectiveness due to the agreement-based mechanisms and the absence of
strict enforcement measures. However, it can be observed that the trend of cooperation
and international responsibility is enhancing the role and significance of international
law increasingly. The research above has indicated that an agenda initiated from an

initiative will be very difficult to fully realize without appropriate institutions – and
international law, specifically in this case the new generation FTAs, has demonstrated
its extremely important role. The integration of green growth objectives into FTAs
within the contexts of environmental and sustainable development generally leads to
very positive impacts, encouraging countries to adopt effective measures to achieve
green growth sooner. However, it should be noted that the binding mechanisms of

environmental provisions in FTAs and international law in general require countries to
be thoroughly prepared in negotiations, signing, and implementation to avoid penalties,
inequalities, and unnecessary damages.

References
1. Vargas-Hernández, José. (2020). Strategic Transformational Transition of Green Economy, Green
Growth and Sustainable Development: An Institutional Approach. International Journal of Environmental
Sustainability and Green Technologies.
2. OECD (2017). Green Growth Indicators 2017. OECD Publishing, Paris.
3. FCCC/CP/2015/L.9/Rev.1, Conference of the Parties Twenty-first session, Paris, 30 November to 11
December 2015. Agenda item 4(b), Durban Platform for Enhanced Action (decision 1/CP.17), Adoption of a
protocol, another legal instrument, or an agreed outcome with legal force under the Convention applicable to all
Parties, ADOPTION OF THE PARIS AGREEMENT

90 https://strategicplan.undp.org/?gad_source=1&gclid=CjwKCAjw0aS3BhA3EiwAKaD2ZaVYtuwIEAAWZsjJ1l6u3ma1V9
b_vC7NbC9b6Gz6QOvmtnu7aLm8qRoC7SwQAvD_BwE accessed 12 Aug 2024.
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