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pillar of modern accounting. From the perspective of Digital Transformation Theory,
technological capability is not merely a supporting tool but a fundamental driver that
reshapes accounting processes, organizational structures, and decision-making
mechanisms. In advanced economies, the integration of technologies such as AI, big data,
and ERP systems has already redefined the accounting function toward automation and
analytics.
The particularly strong impact of ITD in the Vietnamese context can be explained by
several factors. First, Vietnam is currently in a transitional phase of digital adoption,
where disparities in technological capability across firms remain significant. As a result,
digital competence becomes a key differentiating factor determining individual and
organizational performance. Second, the increasing reliance on digital platforms and
automated systems in accounting amplifies the importance of ITD in ensuring operational
efficiency, data accuracy, and real-time reporting. Third, given the relatively limited level
of digital maturity in many Vietnamese enterprises, especially small and medium-sized
firms, the marginal return of improving digital competence is considerably higher
compared to more mature markets. Therefore, ITD not only functions as a core
competency but also acts as a catalyst for unlocking the value of other competencies.
The second most influential factor is lifelong learning capability (LLC) (β =
0.1485737), which is consistent with Lifelong Learning Theory and supported by
international evidence highlighting the importance of continuous upskilling in dynamic
environments. In line with studies conducted in developed economies, the rapid
obsolescence of knowledge in accounting and digital technologies necessitates
continuous learning. However, in Vietnam, this effect appears particularly pronounced
due to gaps in formal training systems and uneven access to professional development
opportunities. Consequently, individuals with strong lifelong learning capability are better
positioned to adapt to technological changes and maintain their professional relevance.
Similarly, understanding of the legal and governmental policy environment (ULP)
demonstrates a significant positive effect (β = 0.1295324), consistent with findings from
institutional and regulatory research. In emerging economies, where regulatory
frameworks are evolving alongside digital transformation, legal knowledge plays a critical
role in ensuring compliance and reducing uncertainty. Compared to developed countries
with more stable regulatory environments, Vietnamese accountants must navigate a
more dynamic and sometimes ambiguous policy landscape, thereby increasing the
relative importance of ULP.
In contrast, analytical, critical thinking, and problem-solving skills (ACS) exhibit a
moderate impact (β = 0.0952394). While international studies often highlight these skills
as essential for the transition toward strategic accounting roles, the relatively lower
coefficient in this study may reflect contextual differences. Specifically, in Vietnam, the
adoption of advanced analytical practices may still be limited by technological
infrastructure, organizational readiness, and data availability. As a result, although ACS is
theoretically critical, its practical contribution to accounting performance may not yet be
fully realized.
Notably, effective communication and reporting skills (ECR) present the weakest
impact (β = 0.0392301), despite being widely recognized in the global literature as an
important professional competency (Tan & Laswad, 2025). This divergence from
international findings can be explained by several contextual factors. First, traditional
accounting education and practice in Vietnam have historically emphasized technical

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