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Table 3. Residuals statistics

Source: Analysis results from SPSS 25

Figure 8. Normal P-P plot of regression standardized residual
Source: Analysis results from SPSS 25
Prior to interpreting the regression results, essential diagnostic tests were
performed. The Variance Inflation Factor (VIF) values for all independent variables ranged
from 1.142 to 1.569 (< 3.0), confirming the absence of multicollinearity. Additionally, the
Residuals Statistics analysis showed that Cook’s distance values for all observations were
strictly less than 1 (Maximum value = 0.056), verifying that there are no highly influential
outliers skewing the regression estimation results.

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