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costs, such as waste treatment costs, and affect the business's profits. Inadequate
awareness of managers is a barrier to the application of green accounting by businesses

in Hanoi.
Legal regulations and support policies of the State
The State's policies and sanctions have a great influence on the decision to apply
green accounting at enterprises in Hanoi. State agencies can make mandatory
regulations on environmental protection and publish relevant information about the
environment on financial statements. Promulgating guiding documents and encouraging
policies are important measures. Businesses currently face difficulties in accurately
recording environmental costs due to insufficient accounts and a lack of specific

guidance.
5. Conclusions and recommendations
The study has analyzed the advantages and disadvantages of applying green
accounting in enterprises in Hanoi. In particular, the application of green accounting
faces many obstacles due to limited resources, managers' awareness and the lack of
relevant regulations and guidelines.

The study also points out that the main factors affecting the promotion of the
application of green accounting in enterprises are those belonging to state management
agencies (regulations and supporting policies), business and culture. In addition, the
awareness of business managers and financial capacity also play important roles in
applying green accounting.
Based on the information collected and analyzed, the authors make several
recommendations for stakeholders to solve difficulties as well as strengthen the effective

application of green accounting in enterprises in Hanoi.
On the side of the government and management agencies:
Promulgating official documents on the environment and environmental
management is necessary to create a legal basis for managing and accounting for
environmental costs at enterprises in the area. The Ministry of Finance promulgates
specific guidelines on recording and providing information on environmental costs and

grounds for measuring environment-related expenses of enterprises.
The Government needs to strictly control the business activities of specific
enterprises and apply sanctions for violations of environmental protection regulations to
raise awareness of environmental protection.
The State needs to have policies to support businesses in Hanoi in the process of
green transformation, especially for small and medium-sized enterprises; it is necessary
to have policies so that businesses can easily access preferential capital to invest in the
application of green accounting systems. Among the enterprises operating in Hanoi, the

number of large enterprises is not much, but the vast majority are small and medium-
sized enterprises; these are enterprises with limited finance, personnel, and management
experience. Therefore, if you have access to capital sources from donors or credit
institutions to invest in technology and train employees, it will be a good condition for
applying green accounting to become more effective.

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