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respondents over 40 years old (30.8%) and under 30 years old (20.1%). In terms of
educational attainment, 60.4% held a master’s degree and 39.6% held a doctoral degree.
Regarding teaching experience, 44.7% had 5–10 years of experience, while 27.7% had fewer
than 5 years and 27.7% had more than 10 years. In terms of digital technology experience in
teaching, 41.5% had 3–5 years of experience, 29.6% had more than 5 years, and 28.9% had
less than 3 years.
These characteristics indicate that the sample is relatively diverse in terms of age,
qualification, teaching experience, and digital exposure, which provides a useful basis for
examining the proposed relationships.
3.2. Measurement model assessment
The measurement model shows acceptable reliability and validity. According to the
original results, Cronbach’s alpha values for the constructs were above the acceptable
threshold, with most constructs exceeding 0.70. Composite reliability values were also above
0.80, indicating good internal consistency. In addition, the average variance extracted values
were above 0.50 for all constructs, supporting convergent validity (Hair et al., 2019). (Table
1).
Discriminant validity was assessed using the Fornell-Larcker criterion and HTMT ratios.
The results indicate that the square root of AVE for each construct exceeded its correlations
with other constructs, and all HTMT values were below the recommended threshold,
indicating satisfactory discriminant validity (Fornell & Larcker, 1981; Henseler et al., 2015).
Overall, the measurement results suggest that the constructs used in this study are
reliable and suitable for structural model testing.
Table 1. Scale, validity, and reliability
Outer
Observed variables α CR AVE
loading
Attitude toward Technology (ATU)
ATU1: I have a positive view of using digital 0.840
technology in teaching.
ATU2: I believe that digital technology brings many 0.847 0.798 0.882 0.713
benefits to teaching.
ATU3: I am interested in using digital technology in
teaching. 0.846
Experience in Technology Use (EXP)
EXP1: I have used digital technology in teaching for 0.829
many years.
EXP2: I have experience in applying digital 0.832 0.792 0.877 0.703
technology proficiently in teaching.
EXP3: I am confident in solving problems that arise 0.854
when using digital technology in teaching.
Perceived Digital Innovation (PDI)
PDI1: I perceive that the adoption of digital 0.882
technology promotes innovation in teaching. 0.690 0.866 0.763
PDI2: Digital technology brings innovative and 0.865
effective teaching methods.
Perceived Ease of Use (PEOU)

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