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economy. Second, it provides a comparative perspective between international
experience and the Vietnamese context, identifying the conditions necessary for effective
DRM deployment without undermining competition and innovation. Third, it proposes
strategic directions for developing a digital content ecosystem that balances copyright
protection, technological interoperability, and consumer interests.
Despite these contributions, several limitations remain. First, the study relies
primarily on literature analysis and theoretical frameworks, without conducting empirical
surveys or in-depth interviews with Vietnamese firms implementing DRM; therefore, its
reflection of operational realities remains largely conceptual. Second, Vietnam’s digital
content market is evolving rapidly, particularly under the influence of cross-border
platforms and emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence and cloud computing,
meaning that some observations may require updating as market structures change.
Third, the research focuses mainly on economic and managerial perspectives, without
providing detailed technical analysis of DRM systems or addressing complex legal issues
such as digital competition, personal data protection, and rights of access to information.
Fourth, the comparison between international experiences and Vietnam is indicative
rather than directly transferable, given differences in market scale, technological capacity,
and institutional environments.
Future research could address these limitations by conducting quantitative surveys
or case studies of Vietnamese enterprises implementing DRM; examining the impact of
DRM on user behavior and digital content consumption models; analyzing the
relationship between DRM, platform competition, and digital economy governance; and
evaluating the role of emerging technologies—such as AI, blockchain, and digital
identity—in shaping next-generation DRM systems.
In sum, DRM and the “walled garden” model are not merely technical or legal issues
but strategic choices in the development of the digital economy. Accurately
understanding and flexibly applying these tools will be decisive in building a sustainable
and competitive digital content ecosystem for Vietnamese enterprises in the current era
of digital transformation.

References
[1] Bui, Q. T., Le, T. H., & Nguyen, P. M. (2021). Digitalization of corporate training at
Viettel Group. In Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Human-centered
Artificial Intelligence (Computing4Human 2021) (pp. 234–244). Danang, Vietnam.
Retrieved from http://ceur-ws.org
[2] Shapiro, C., & Varian, H. R. (1999). Information rules: A strategic guide to the
network economy (pp. 1–19). Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press.
[3] Government of Vietnam. (2023). Decree detailing some articles and measures to
implement the Law on Intellectual Property regarding copyright and related rights. Hanoi,
Vietnam: Government Office.
[4] Government of Vietnam. (2025). Decree No. 341/2025/ND-CP: Regulations on
administrative sanctions for copyright and related rights violations. Hanoi, Vietnam:
Government Office.
[5] VNG Corporation. (2025). VNG Annual Report 2024. Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam:
VNG Joint Stock Company.
[6] Evinger, J. A. (2024). Walled gardens & forbidden apples: Software access amid
antimonopoly resurgence. Richmond Journal of Law & Technology, 31(1), 1–66.

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