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development. This includes integrating environmental content into educational
programs and organizing communication campaigns.

• Sustainable resource management: Implementing measures for the sustainable
management of natural resources, including forest protection, effective water and land
management, and biodiversity conservation.
• International cooperation: Participating in international agreements and
organizations on the environment to learn from experiences and receive technical and
financial support from other countries and international organizations.
• Greening production and consumption: Encouraging businesses to adopt green
production processes and promoting sustainable consumption through environmentally-

friendly products.
2.2. Green growth and free trade agreements
Green growth is a program that encourages and promotes countries to pursue and
achieve sustainable growth objectives, ensuring that economic development goes hand
in hand with environmental protection.
However, in essence, green growth does not have legally binding value for

countries around the world, as it is not recognized by any of the fundamental sources
65
acknowledged by international law. Although the content of green growth is largely
incorporated by countries into specific programs and strategies for implementation and
enforcement, the green growth programs of these nations are essentially seen as
self-fulfilling their own political declarations and commitments. Therefore, in the
absence of any binding obligations, national programs for green growth will be
developed and implemented entirely through proactive and voluntary mechanisms.

To achieve stronger, more coherent, and appropriately directed results, the
objectives of green growth have, in fact, been codified through the incorporation of these
contents into environmental treaties and free trade agreements. Thanks to their
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recognition in international law, the contents related to green growth have gained
67
mechanisms for monitoring and enforcement, resulting in more effective outcomes.
On the other hand, the method of international cooperation to realize green growth

objectives through participation in international environmental agreements and
organizations is currently not yielding effective results. Although international
organizations and international environmental treaties are a very important part
representing international law—due to the binding nature they provide—these
environmental organizations and treaties often have a weakness in that they typically
only impose obligations and requirements on member states regarding the environment.
Therefore, although international organizations and environmental treaties aim for
positive goals, the "expenditure" of resources on the implementation of

65 Gehring, Markus W (2016). Legal Transition to the Green Economy, McGill International Journal of
Sustainable Development Law and Policy/Revue Internationale de Droit et Politique Du Développement Durable
de McGill 12, no. 2, p. 139–73.
66 Samuel Asumadu Sarkodie, Phebe Asantewaa Owusu, John Taden (2024). Green growth assessment across
203 economies: Trends and insights, Sustainable Horizons, Volume 10, ISSN 2772-7378,
67 https://trinomics.eu/project/the-green-growth-debate/ accessed 9 Aug 2024.
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